feat(playlists): unify Saved into a built-in Watch later playlist

The old per-video status='saved' becomes membership in a built-in, undeletable
'watch_later' playlist. Migration 0012 moves existing saved videos into each user's
Watch later list and demotes the states to 'new'. The feed/playlist serializers now
expose a 'saved' boolean (EXISTS in watch_later); the card bookmark toggles watch_later
via new /api/playlists/watch-later add/remove endpoints (create-on-demand) instead of
setting a status. Removed the 'saved' show-filter and status. Watch later shows a
localized name and hides rename/delete in the Playlists page and add-to-playlist popover.

backend/alembic/versions/0012_watch_later.py

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+"""unify Saved into a built-in Watch later playlist
+
+Revision ID: 0012_watch_later
+Revises: 0011_playlists
+Create Date: 2026-06-15
+
+Migrates the old per-video status='saved' into membership of a built-in 'watch_later'
+playlist (one per user who had saved videos), then demotes those states to 'new'.
+"""
+from typing import Sequence, Union
+
+from alembic import op
+
+revision: str = "0012_watch_later"
+down_revision: Union[str, None] = "0011_playlists"
+branch_labels: Union[str, Sequence[str], None] = None
+depends_on: Union[str, Sequence[str], None] = None
+
+
+def upgrade() -> None:
+    # 1) A Watch later playlist for each user that has saved videos (and none yet).
+    op.execute(
+        """
+        INSERT INTO playlists (user_id, name, kind, source, dirty, position, created_at, updated_at)
+        SELECT DISTINCT vs.user_id, 'Watch later', 'watch_later', 'local', false, 0, now(), now()
+        FROM video_states vs
+        WHERE vs.status = 'saved'
+          AND NOT EXISTS (
+            SELECT 1 FROM playlists p
+            WHERE p.user_id = vs.user_id AND p.kind = 'watch_later'
+          )
+        """
+    )
+    # 2) Add each saved video as an item, ordered (newest-saved first → position 0).
+    op.execute(
+        """
+        INSERT INTO playlist_items (playlist_id, video_id, position, added_at)
+        SELECT p.id, vs.video_id,
+               row_number() OVER (
+                 PARTITION BY vs.user_id
+                 ORDER BY COALESCE(vs.watched_at, vs.updated_at) DESC
+               ) - 1,
+               COALESCE(vs.watched_at, vs.updated_at, now())
+        FROM video_states vs
+        JOIN playlists p ON p.user_id = vs.user_id AND p.kind = 'watch_later'
+        WHERE vs.status = 'saved'
+        ON CONFLICT (playlist_id, video_id) DO NOTHING
+        """
+    )
+    # 3) Demote the migrated saved states to the default.
+    op.execute("UPDATE video_states SET status = 'new' WHERE status = 'saved'")
+
+
+def downgrade() -> None:
+    # Best-effort reverse: restore status='saved' for videos in watch_later lists, then drop them.
+    op.execute(
+        """
+        UPDATE video_states vs SET status = 'saved'
+        FROM playlist_items pi
+        JOIN playlists p ON p.id = pi.playlist_id AND p.kind = 'watch_later'
+        WHERE pi.video_id = vs.video_id AND p.user_id = vs.user_id
+          AND vs.status = 'new'
+        """
+    )
+    op.execute("DELETE FROM playlists WHERE kind = 'watch_later'")

backend/app/routes/feed.py

@@ -7,13 +7,24 @@ from sqlalchemy.orm import Session, aliased
 from app import quota
 from app.auth import current_user
 from app.db import get_db
-from app.models import Channel, ChannelTag, Subscription, Tag, User, Video, VideoState
+from app.models import (
+    Channel,
+    ChannelTag,
+    Playlist,
+    PlaylistItem,
+    Subscription,
+    Tag,
+    User,
+    Video,
+    VideoState,
+)
 from app.sync.videos import parse_iso8601_duration
 from app.youtube.client import YouTubeClient, YouTubeError
 
 router = APIRouter(prefix="/api", tags=["feed"])
 
-VALID_STATES = {"new", "watched", "saved", "hidden"}
+# "saved" used to be a status; it's now membership in the built-in Watch later playlist.
+VALID_STATES = {"new", "watched", "hidden"}
 HIDDEN_LIVE = ("live", "upcoming")
 
 # Resume-position thresholds (mirror the client): positions below this are "didn't
@@ -29,6 +40,23 @@ def _channel_url(channel_id: str, handle: str | None) -> str:
     return f"https://www.youtube.com/channel/{channel_id}"
 
 
+def _saved_expr(user: User):
+    """A correlated EXISTS labelled `saved`: is this video in the user's Watch later list?
+    (Watch later is the built-in playlist that replaced the old per-video 'saved' status.)"""
+    return (
+        select(1)
+        .select_from(PlaylistItem)
+        .join(Playlist, Playlist.id == PlaylistItem.playlist_id)
+        .where(
+            Playlist.user_id == user.id,
+            Playlist.kind == "watch_later",
+            PlaylistItem.video_id == Video.id,
+        )
+        .exists()
+        .label("saved")
+    )
+
+
 def _serialize(row) -> dict:
     return {
         "id": row.id,
@@ -45,6 +73,7 @@ def _serialize(row) -> dict:
         "live_status": row.live_status,
         "status": row.status or "new",
         "position_seconds": row.position_seconds or 0,
+        "saved": bool(getattr(row, "saved", False)),
         "watch_url": f"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v={row.id}",
     }
 
@@ -96,6 +125,7 @@ def _filtered_query(
         Video.live_status,
         status_expr.label("status"),
         position_expr.label("position_seconds"),
+        _saved_expr(user),
     ).join(Channel, Channel.id == Video.channel_id)
 
     if scope == "all":
@@ -176,7 +206,7 @@ def _filtered_query(
 
     # Content type: Normal / Shorts / Live·Upcoming as a union of enabled types.
     # Explicit Watched/Saved/Hidden views show every type so nothing goes missing.
-    explicit_view = show in ("watched", "saved", "hidden")
+    explicit_view = show in ("watched", "hidden")
     if not explicit_view:
         type_clauses = []
         if show_normal:
@@ -198,8 +228,6 @@ def _filtered_query(
         )
     elif show == "watched":
         query = query.where(status_expr == "watched")
-    elif show == "saved":
-        query = query.where(status_expr == "saved")
     elif show == "hidden":
         query = query.where(status_expr == "hidden")
     else:  # all

backend/app/routes/playlists.py

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ from sqlalchemy.orm import Session, aliased
 from app.auth import current_user
 from app.db import get_db
 from app.models import Channel, Playlist, PlaylistItem, User, Video, VideoState
-from app.routes.feed import _serialize
+from app.routes.feed import _saved_expr, _serialize
 
 router = APIRouter(prefix="/api/playlists", tags=["playlists"])
 
@@ -110,6 +110,83 @@ def create_playlist(
     return _summary(db, pl, 0)
 
 
+def _watch_later(db: Session, user: User) -> Playlist:
+    """The user's built-in Watch later playlist, created on first use."""
+    pl = db.scalar(
+        select(Playlist).where(
+            Playlist.user_id == user.id, Playlist.kind == "watch_later"
+        )
+    )
+    if pl is None:
+        next_pos = (
+            db.scalar(
+                select(func.coalesce(func.max(Playlist.position), -1)).where(
+                    Playlist.user_id == user.id
+                )
+            )
+            + 1
+        )
+        pl = Playlist(
+            user_id=user.id, name="Watch later", kind="watch_later", position=next_pos
+        )
+        db.add(pl)
+        db.commit()
+    return pl
+
+
+@router.post("/watch-later")
+def add_watch_later(
+    payload: dict,
+    user: User = Depends(current_user),
+    db: Session = Depends(get_db),
+) -> dict:
+    """Bookmark shortcut: add a video to the built-in Watch later playlist."""
+    video_id = payload.get("video_id")
+    if not video_id or db.get(Video, video_id) is None:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Unknown video")
+    pl = _watch_later(db, user)
+    exists = db.scalar(
+        select(PlaylistItem).where(
+            PlaylistItem.playlist_id == pl.id, PlaylistItem.video_id == video_id
+        )
+    )
+    if exists is None:
+        next_pos = (
+            db.scalar(
+                select(func.coalesce(func.max(PlaylistItem.position), -1)).where(
+                    PlaylistItem.playlist_id == pl.id
+                )
+            )
+            + 1
+        )
+        db.add(PlaylistItem(playlist_id=pl.id, video_id=video_id, position=next_pos))
+        db.commit()
+    return {"saved": True, "playlist_id": pl.id}
+
+
+@router.delete("/watch-later/{video_id}")
+def remove_watch_later(
+    video_id: str,
+    user: User = Depends(current_user),
+    db: Session = Depends(get_db),
+) -> dict:
+    pl = db.scalar(
+        select(Playlist).where(
+            Playlist.user_id == user.id, Playlist.kind == "watch_later"
+        )
+    )
+    if pl is not None:
+        item = db.scalar(
+            select(PlaylistItem).where(
+                PlaylistItem.playlist_id == pl.id, PlaylistItem.video_id == video_id
+            )
+        )
+        if item is not None:
+            db.delete(item)
+            db.commit()
+    return {"saved": False}
+
+
 @router.get("/{playlist_id}")
 def get_playlist(
     playlist_id: int,
@@ -134,6 +211,7 @@ def get_playlist(
             Video.live_status,
             func.coalesce(state.status, "new").label("status"),
             func.coalesce(state.position_seconds, 0).label("position_seconds"),
+            _saved_expr(user),
         )
         .join(PlaylistItem, PlaylistItem.video_id == Video.id)
         .join(Channel, Channel.id == Video.channel_id)

frontend/src/components/AddToPlaylist.tsx

@@ -165,7 +165,9 @@ export default function AddToPlaylist({
                   >
                     {pl.has_video && <Check className="w-3 h-3" />}
                   </span>
-                  <span className="truncate">{pl.name}</span>
+                  <span className="truncate">
+                    {pl.kind === "watch_later" ? t("playlists.watchLater") : pl.name}
+                  </span>
                 </button>
               ))}
             </div>

frontend/src/components/Feed.tsx

@@ -15,8 +15,6 @@ function matchesView(status: string, show: string): boolean {
       return status === "hidden";
     case "watched":
       return status === "watched";
-    case "saved":
-      return status === "saved";
     case "unwatched":
     case "in_progress":
       // (in_progress is further narrowed server-side by resume position; here we only
@@ -42,6 +40,7 @@ export default function Feed({
 }) {
   const { t } = useTranslation();
   const [overrides, setOverrides] = useState<Record<string, string>>({});
+  const [savedOverrides, setSavedOverrides] = useState<Record<string, boolean>>({});
   // The open player: which video and where to start (null = resume from saved position).
   const [activeVideo, setActiveVideo] = useState<{ video: Video; startAt: number | null } | null>(
     null
@@ -64,8 +63,14 @@ export default function Feed({
   // arrives — after a refetch the server is authoritative, so a stale override
   // (e.g. a video reverted to "new" from the notification center) won't keep it
   // filtered out of the current view.
-  useEffect(() => setOverrides({}), [filters]);
+  useEffect(() => {
-  useEffect(() => setOverrides({}), [query.dataUpdatedAt]);
+    setOverrides({});
+    setSavedOverrides({});
+  }, [filters]);
+  useEffect(() => {
+    setOverrides({});
+    setSavedOverrides({});
+  }, [query.dataUpdatedAt]);
 
   const countQuery = useQuery({
     queryKey: ["feed-count", filters],
@@ -139,10 +144,24 @@ export default function Feed({
     [filters, setFilters]
   );
 
+  const onToggleSave = useCallback(
+    (id: string, saved: boolean) => {
+      setSavedOverrides((o) => ({ ...o, [id]: saved }));
+      (saved ? api.watchLaterAdd(id) : api.watchLaterRemove(id))
+        .then(() => {
+          qc.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ["playlists"] });
+          qc.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ["playlist"] });
+        })
+        .catch(() => setSavedOverrides((o) => ({ ...o, [id]: !saved })));
+    },
+    [qc]
+  );
+
   const loaded: Video[] = (query.data?.pages ?? []).flatMap((p) => p.items);
   loadedRef.current = loaded;
   const items: Video[] = loaded
     .map((v) => (overrides[v.id] ? { ...v, status: overrides[v.id] } : v))
+    .map((v) => (savedOverrides[v.id] !== undefined ? { ...v, saved: savedOverrides[v.id] } : v))
     .filter((v) => matchesView(v.status, filters.show));
 
   if (query.isLoading) return <div className="p-8 text-muted">{t("feed.loading")}</div>;
@@ -192,6 +211,7 @@ export default function Feed({
               video={v}
               view="grid"
               onState={onState}
+              onToggleSave={onToggleSave}
               onChannelFilter={onChannelFilter}
               onOpen={openVideo}
             />
@@ -205,6 +225,7 @@ export default function Feed({
               video={v}
               view="list"
               onState={onState}
+              onToggleSave={onToggleSave}
               onChannelFilter={onChannelFilter}
               onOpen={openVideo}
             />

frontend/src/components/Playlists.tsx

@@ -137,6 +137,11 @@ export default function Playlists() {
     useSensor(PointerSensor, { activationConstraint: { distance: 4 } })
   );
 
+  // Watch later is a built-in playlist: show a localized name and no rename/delete.
+  const plName = (p: { kind: string; name: string }) =>
+    p.kind === "watch_later" ? t("playlists.watchLater") : p.name;
+  const builtin = detail?.kind === "watch_later";
+
   const createMut = useMutation({
     mutationFn: (name: string) => api.createPlaylist(name),
     onSuccess: (pl: Playlist) => {
@@ -230,7 +235,7 @@ export default function Playlists() {
                 )}
               </div>
               <div className="min-w-0">
-                <div className="text-[13px] text-fg truncate">{pl.name}</div>
+                <div className="text-[13px] text-fg truncate">{plName(pl)}</div>
                 <div className="text-[11px] text-muted">
                   {t("playlists.itemCount", { count: pl.item_count })}
                 </div>
@@ -287,7 +292,8 @@ export default function Playlists() {
                   />
                 ) : (
                   <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
-                    <h2 className="text-lg font-semibold truncate">{detail.name}</h2>
+                    <h2 className="text-lg font-semibold truncate">{plName(detail)}</h2>
+                    {!builtin && (
                       <button
                         onClick={() => {
                           setRenameValue(detail.name);
@@ -298,6 +304,7 @@ export default function Playlists() {
                       >
                         <Pencil className="w-3.5 h-3.5" />
                       </button>
+                    )}
                   </div>
                 )}
                 <div className="text-xs text-muted mt-0.5">
@@ -311,12 +318,14 @@ export default function Playlists() {
                   >
                     <Play className="w-3.5 h-3.5 fill-current" /> {t("playlists.playAll")}
                   </button>
+                  {!builtin && (
                     <button
                       onClick={deletePlaylist}
                       className="inline-flex items-center gap-1.5 text-xs px-3 py-1.5 rounded-lg border border-border text-muted hover:text-fg hover:border-accent transition"
                     >
                       <Trash2 className="w-3.5 h-3.5" /> {t("playlists.delete")}
                     </button>
+                  )}
                 </div>
               </div>
             </div>

frontend/src/components/Sidebar.tsx

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ const SORT_IDS = [
   "shuffle",
 ];
 
-const SHOW_IDS = ["unwatched", "in_progress", "all", "watched", "saved", "hidden"];
+const SHOW_IDS = ["unwatched", "in_progress", "all", "watched", "hidden"];
 
 // Fresh shuffle token for the "surprise me" sort.
 const rollSeed = () => Math.floor(Math.random() * 1_000_000_000);

frontend/src/components/VideoCard.tsx

@@ -19,10 +19,12 @@ import { formatDuration, formatViews, relativeTime } from "../lib/format";
 function Actions({
   video,
   onState,
+  onToggleSave,
   onChannelFilter,
 }: {
   video: Video;
   onState: (id: string, status: string) => void;
+  onToggleSave: (id: string, saved: boolean) => void;
   onChannelFilter?: (channelId: string, channelName: string) => void;
 }) {
   const { t } = useTranslation();
@@ -31,6 +33,11 @@ function Actions({
     e.stopPropagation();
     onState(video.id, video.status === status ? "new" : status);
   };
+  const toggleSave = (e: React.MouseEvent) => {
+    e.preventDefault();
+    e.stopPropagation();
+    onToggleSave(video.id, !video.saved);
+  };
   return (
     <div className="flex gap-1 opacity-0 group-hover:opacity-100 transition">
       <button
@@ -48,11 +55,11 @@ function Actions({
         )}
       </button>
       <button
-        onClick={act("saved")}
+        onClick={toggleSave}
-        title={video.status === "saved" ? t("card.savedRemove") : t("card.saveForLater")}
+        title={video.saved ? t("card.savedRemove") : t("card.saveForLater")}
         className={clsx(
           "p-1.5 rounded-md hover:bg-surface text-muted hover:text-fg",
-          video.status === "saved" && "fill-current text-accent"
+          video.saved && "fill-current text-accent"
         )}
       >
         <Bookmark className="w-4 h-4" />
@@ -157,7 +164,7 @@ function Thumb({
           {t("card.stream")}
         </span>
       )}
-      {video.status === "saved" && (
+      {video.saved && (
         <span className="absolute top-1.5 right-1.5 bg-accent text-accent-fg rounded-full p-1">
           <Bookmark className="w-3.5 h-3.5" />
         </span>
@@ -209,12 +216,14 @@ function VideoCard({
   video,
   view,
   onState,
+  onToggleSave,
   onChannelFilter,
   onOpen,
 }: {
   video: Video;
   view: "grid" | "list";
   onState: (id: string, status: string) => void;
+  onToggleSave: (id: string, saved: boolean) => void;
   onChannelFilter?: (channelId: string, channelName: string) => void;
   onOpen?: (v: Video, startAt?: number | null) => void;
 }) {
@@ -264,7 +273,7 @@ function VideoCard({
           </a>
           <div className="text-xs text-muted mt-0.5">{meta}</div>
         </div>
-        <Actions video={video} onState={onState} onChannelFilter={onChannelFilter} />
+        <Actions video={video} onState={onState} onToggleSave={onToggleSave} onChannelFilter={onChannelFilter} />
       </div>
     );
   }
@@ -295,7 +304,7 @@ function VideoCard({
             {video.channel_title}
           </a>
           <div className="text-xs text-muted mt-0.5">{meta}</div>
-          <Actions video={video} onState={onState} onChannelFilter={onChannelFilter} />
+          <Actions video={video} onState={onState} onToggleSave={onToggleSave} onChannelFilter={onChannelFilter} />
         </div>
       </div>
     </div>

frontend/src/i18n/locales/de/playlists.json

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 {
   "title": "Wiedergabelisten",
+  "watchLater": "Später ansehen",
   "noneYet": "Noch keine Wiedergabelisten",
   "newPlaylist": "Neue Liste…",
   "itemCount_one": "{{count}} Video",

frontend/src/i18n/locales/en/playlists.json

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 {
   "title": "Playlists",
+  "watchLater": "Watch later",
   "noneYet": "No playlists yet",
   "newPlaylist": "New playlist…",
   "itemCount_one": "{{count}} video",

frontend/src/i18n/locales/hu/playlists.json

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 {
   "title": "Lejátszási listák",
+  "watchLater": "Megnézem később",
   "noneYet": "Még nincs lejátszási lista",
   "newPlaylist": "Új lista…",
   "itemCount_one": "{{count}} videó",

frontend/src/lib/api.ts

@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ export interface Video {
   live_status: string;
   status: string;
   position_seconds: number;
+  saved: boolean; // is the video in the user's built-in Watch later playlist
   watch_url: string;
 }
 
@@ -335,6 +336,14 @@ export const api = {
       method: "PUT",
       body: JSON.stringify({ video_ids: videoIds }),
     }),
+  // Bookmark shortcut for the built-in Watch later playlist.
+  watchLaterAdd: (videoId: string) =>
+    req("/api/playlists/watch-later", {
+      method: "POST",
+      body: JSON.stringify({ video_id: videoId }),
+    }),
+  watchLaterRemove: (videoId: string) =>
+    req(`/api/playlists/watch-later/${videoId}`, { method: "DELETE" }),
 
   // --- quota usage ---
   myUsage: (): Promise<MyUsage> => req("/api/quota/my-usage"),